On March 29, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin published a long article "A simple L2 security and finalization roadmap" today, which pointed out the three core directions of Ethereum L2 security and finalization optimization:

Expand data capacity: Increase the number of Blob space to 6 through Pectra upgrades, and expand to 72 (or to 12-24 in phases) in the Fusaka upgrade at the end of the year to meet the L2 transaction throughput requirements;

The hybrid proof system achieves rapid finality: adopts a 2/3 multi-sign mechanism (optimistic proof + ZK proof + TEE trusted hardware proof). If ZK and TEE are verified simultaneously, the end will be immediately, and a single verification needs to be combined with a 7-day optimistic challenge period. The Security Committee can urgently upgrade the proof logic but is subject to a 30-day delay limit to balance the instant end and anti-attack ability;

Build a unified ZK proof aggregation layer: standardize the full ecological proof aggregation protocol, allowing multiple applications to share a single proof cost (such as 500,000 Gas), significantly reduce the overhead of ZK verification, and promote the popularization of L2, privacy protocols and other scenarios.

The goal of this roadmap is to achieve the end of L2 cross-chain bridge within 1 hour and reduce costs through a short-term hybrid verification mechanism, while gradually phase out TEE dependence with the long-term full ZK goal, and ultimately establish an efficient, secure and trustless L2 ecosystem.